Thesis

DC motor control By P.I.D. system.

用PID控制直流发电机系统

在这个文章上中我会展示一种简单的用微控制器控制直流发电机的基本参数的方法,  利用一种叫PWM的技术.

PWM系统是一种将能量转移取样到直流发电机的传感器的方法.  PWM技术在于调制供给发电机的脉冲信号的范围

 

在图示中绿色的线表示发电机线圈中的中等程度电压

方波的最大值叫V-Peek

 

通过微处理器程序,我们可以不必做任何改变在向前移动齿形派生边缘期间.

用这个方法我们可以改变速度发动机而不必改变发动力量。

我们可以加快速度改变锯齿的边缘如图

 

更多的用处是减少工作循环(运行时间缩短)降低速度而不必减少发动机连接。

 

 

The PWM signal can be generated in two different way: PWN可以产生2种不同的信号:

 

in the first case is possible to relized a board whit operational amplifier, in the second case whit the best knowed microprocessor or micropic.

第一种情形可能认识到电路板和运算放大器, 第二种情形已知最好的微处理器或者有记忆体的微芯片.

 

in all two cases,  the signal is presented in input to a bridge of four darlinghton transistor n.p.n. model TIP122.

2种情形下,信号出现输入一个有4个Darlington晶体管的桥n.p.n. 模型 TIP122.

 

  These robust discrete component can easily drive more than 8 Amp鑢e, so is suitable for a wide range of aplication in direct current motor driven. 

这些精力充沛的分立元件能很容易的驱动至少8Ampere, 所以它广泛应用于直流电发动机.

  

The voltage signal for drive the clock wise or anticlock wise motor sense is adapted by for base's resistor who delivery the necessari 10 milliamp鑢e for make work the darlinghton in the saturation zone. Typical value for input resistors is:

福特信号驱动时钟或停止时钟方式采用了底部的电阻器,它传送必须的10百万Amperedarlington在饱和区域工作。输入电阻器标准值是:

 

In the same way is necessary decrease the value of LED current limiter resistor like in table below.在相同方法下必须降低LED限流电阻器的值低于表格。

The TIP122 switching speed can  be driven through PWM signal with high frequency above  1 KHz, so this is the most appropriate way to control the motor speed without any loss of motor couple. 

TIP122 转换速度可以驱动PWM信号和高频超过1 KHz,所以这是最合适的方法控制发动速度而不必减少发动连接。

Two LEDs in the input of the power interface show in which way  the the D.C. motor  run (clockwise or anticlockwise).

2LED的物理界面输入显示在哪方面D.C.发动机运行(顺时针或逆时针)。

 

The printed circuit board to realize the interface is shown  below. 印制电路板实现分界面显示在下面  ( 以下为实现的电路板 )

 

To download the FidoCAd file to realize the power interface use the link below.

下载所需的实现界面功率的FidoCad文件请使用以下联接:

 

Download Schematic. 示意性的下载

Download printed circuit ( FidoCad ). 下载印制电路( FidoCad )

Automatic speed control.

In all the realistic applications of the Direct Current Motor the external resistor couple is not constant but variable.

在所有可实现的直流发电机应用中,外部连接电阻值不是常数而是变数。

 

Once  set the motor speed in a open chain control system it will not remain cnostant in every moment because of the variability of resistance couple applied.

一旦发电机速度被设定在开环控制系统,因为所使用的连接电阻的可变性,它并不会保持时刻不变。

 

To guarantee the constant speed is necessary to correct it in real time when the exsternal charge rises or decreases. this kind of control system is the typical closed loop.

为保证恒定的速度,在外部负荷上升或下降的时候必须实时调整,这就是典型的闭环控制系统。

 

The signal X(s) is build by the microprocessor basis routine of the program,  the B(s)  block rappresent the power interface (inverter build whit for TIP122 ), the signal output Y(s) is the output of the encoder trasductor connect to the moving mechanical parts of the system, The block H(s) is the decisional software part ( P.I.D. control ) who descriminate if is necessary increse the duty cycle of the PWM,  decrese it or live invariated.

信号Xs)由程序的微处理器的基本程序产生,信号Bs)代表界面功率(反向器),输出信号Ys)是连接到系统的可动机械部分的编码器饱和电抗器的输出。Hs)是软件部分的关键部分(PID调节装置),它调整PWM的占空比,在需要变化时提高或降低。

 

For study the close loop control system is necessary cut the feedback ring in the place show in figure.

学习关闭回路控制系统必须切断反馈铃声在现实形状的地方。

 

 

The cutting operation made possible fix the espression of feedback signal to present in the node's differential imput.

切断操作可能固定反馈信号的压力显示不同的节点输入。

 

The Node's output is now the differential espression to the input signal and the feedback signal. In these espression we can change the U(s) whit his value due to the present of  feedback block.

节点输出不同的输入信号表达和反馈信号,在这些表达中我们改变U(s)的值归于反馈阻止的显现

 

 

These fuction is the new input of the forword  block, so the new output is these one moltiplie for B(s).

这些功能是前方的阻碍的新输入,所以新的输出是B(s)的乘数。

 

 

The espression must give in evidence the final output Y(s) by using the algebra rules.

这个表达必须用代数规则放弃最终输出Y(s)的迹象。

 

multiply every second term's addend for the factor B(s).

乘数每秒期间加数因素 B(s).

 

Turn in the first equation's member all the addend where appear the factor Y(s).

转到第一个方程式所有加数显示因素 Y(s).

 

Collect like a common factor the Y(s) at first member of the equation.

收集象是一个共同因素Y(s)在方程式的第一位。

 

last operation is divide all two members for the all factor [1+H(s)*B(s)].

最后操作时分开2个数字从所有因数中 [1+H(s)*B(s)]